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- INDRA
- Working
- Paper
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- INDRA Note 967
- IEN 155
- 12th August 1980
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- The Yellow Book Transport Service: Principles and Status
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- C. J. Bennett
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- ABSTRACT: This note is a brief
- summary of the principles of the
- Yellow Book Transport Service. This
- service is likely to be adopted as
- the UK Standard for transport
- service, and is being widely
- promoted amongst international
- standardisation bodies.
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- Department of Computer Science
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- University College London
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- 1. Introduction
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- A recent INDRA Note [1], also issued as an IEN,
- defined an enhancement of TCP [2] to support the Yellow
- Book transport service [3]. This note caused a
- considerable furore in certain sections of the DARPA
- Internet group, largely because there was very little
- awareness of what the Yellow Book was, what its aims
- were, what standing it had, and what relevance it had
- to the DARPA Internet. The aim of this IEN is to remedy
- this situation, by providing a brief summary of the
- Yellow Book, and relating it to other international
- standards activity.
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- 2. Status of the Yellow Book
-
- The term 'Yellow Book' is the popular name, derived
- from the colour of the cover of 'A Network Independent
- Transport Service'. This is one of a series of
- documents defining a set of protocols and services
- being defined within Britain by Study Group Three of
- the UK Post Office PSS Users Forum and closely related
- bodies such as the Department of Industry's Data
- Communications Protocol Unit. The intent of these
- documents is to define interim UK national standards
- prior to the adoption of international standards by
- bodies such as ISO and CCITT later in the 1980s, and by
- so doing to influence the direction of these
- international standards.
-
- The other documents in the series are [4-6]: the Blue
- Book (defining a Network Independent File Transfer
- Protocol), the Green Book (defining a Character
- Terminal service), and the Red Book (defining a Network
- Independent Job Transfer and Manipulation Protocol).
- The remaining colours - orange indigo and violet - are
- reserved. Although the protocols are clearly related,
- they are, with the exception of the Green Book,
- intended to be self contained. Thus it is quite
- possible to implement the Blue Book FTP without
- requiring the Yellow Book transport service, and such
- an implementation has in fact been available on the
- ARPANET above both NCP and TCP since mid 1979.
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- The Yellow Book is in principle accepted as a UK
- standard. It was first proposed in 1979, and the
- current definition, of February 1980, is still a draft
- text. However it is expected that something very
- similar to the current Yellow Book will be adopted by
- the PSS Users Forum later in 1980, and a Transport
- Service Implementors group, consisting of
- representatives from UK universities, manufacturers and
- users, are currently bringing up implementations.
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- Bennett 1 INDRA 967
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- The Yellow Book
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- On the international front, the Yellow Book has been
- circulated amongst groups concerned with transport
- protocol standardisation within CCITT, ISO
- (International Standards Organisation) and ECMA (the
- European Computer Manufacturers' Association). It is
- not the only proposal - ECMA in particular are evolving
- one of their own [7] - and some of the concepts are not
- totally in accord with the ideas of these
- organisations. For instance, the major stumbling block
- to its adoption as the transport layer within the ISO 7
- layer architecture [8] is its addressing concept, as
- the ISO model assumes all addressing and routing
- problems have been resolved by this stage (in my view a
- weakness of the ISO model). It is however the most
- completely specified proposal being circulated within
- these forums, and should heavily influence the
- international standards which are finally adopted.
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- 3. The Yellow Book
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- 3.1 Aim of Yellow Book
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- The purpose of the Yellow Book is defined by its
- title - it aims to define a transport service, for
- point to point synchronised sequenced fullduplex
- communication, independently of the structure of
- underlying communication media. In particular it aims
- to provide endpoint communication across multiple
- independent networks.
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- The Yellow Book concept has three major aspects.
- These are: the notion of multiple-domain addressing,
- the notion of a network independent service, and the
- notion of network dependent enhancements to support it.
- In addition the document defines optional multiplexing
- and simple data structuring facilities which will not
- be discussed further here.
-
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- 3.2 Yellow Book Addressing
-
- The central picture of the internet world that the
- Yellow Book propounds is that there exists a number of
- mutually independent and noninteracting name spaces, or
- domains, each one of which has some system for naming
- all addressable objects in some fashion which is global
- to that naming domain [9]. The finer structure of these
- naming domains is not visible to the Yellow Book, and
- for the purposes of discussion, a naming domain may be
- thought of as a component network.
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- Bennett 2 INDRA 967
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- The Yellow Book
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- Two examples of such domains are the international
- public data network system, whose naming domain is
- defined by CCITT recommendation X121 [10], and the
- DARPA Catenet [11], which is a multinetwork structure
- with a superimposed global naming mechanism. Other may
- be based on large commercial networks such as the SWIFT
- or SITA systems. One of the main points of controversy
- centres on whether this picture is realistic, or
- whether instead some single system (people usually
- think of X121) will eventually be used for all data
- networks in the world.
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- A gateway visible within the Yellow Book is a system
- which sits between two or more such naming domains, and
- understands the naming systems in all domains to which
- it is connected. An object in one naming domain
- addresses an object in another domain by specifying a
- concatenation of addresses, each component being an
- address within some domain. This effectively defines a
- route to the destination through a series of
- intermediate gateways. Thus if the Catenet is connected
- to the international public system by some common host,
- the TCP process could specify the address of a machine
- in the international public system by a name of the
- form:
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- /<TCP address of YB gateway>/<X121 address of destination>/
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- This address has two components, only one of which is
- in active use at any given point. The gateway specified
- within such a component can obtain the address of the
- source within that naming domain, and on this basis a
- reverse path can be built. Thus the TCP/X121 gateway
- will construct the component
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- /<TCP address of source>/
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- to which the destination will prepend the X121 address
- of the gateway to complete the reverse path:
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- /<X121 address of YB gateway>/<TCP address of source>/
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- The destination may optionally attach a local process
- ID, to create what is known as a RECALL address, if a
- function such as a logger is required.
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- Technically the most controversial aspect of this
- addressing procedure is its use for transferring third
- party references. Clearly, two parties A and B will in
- general have different routes to, and hence different
- addresses for, a third party C. If A needs to pass B a
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- Bennett 3 INDRA 967
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- The Yellow Book
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- reference to C, he could pass his address for C and B
- could then use the path A.C to reach C. However, this
- requires A to act as a gateway on the route to C, and
- the route so obtained may cause data to pass through
- intermediate gateways twice. Hence a procedure has been
- defined whereby a third party reference is declared to
- a gateway, which may then attempt to parse it. If it
- can it modifies the reference accordingly, so that a
- more optimal address is actually given to B.
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- Although in principle this addressing procedure could
- be used with every internet packet for an internet
- datagram system, this would be prohibitively expensive
- in terms of processing time. It is therefore envisaged
- that the internet path is a set of concatenated virtual
- calls.
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- 3.3 Yellow Book Service
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- The Yellow Book defines a number of primitive
- functions which the transport service supplies to the
- user at the transport service interface, and cause the
- generation of transport service messages. The service
- definition provides the Yellow Book's network
- independence, as it is possible to 'enhance' any
- particular network interface to reach the level of
- service of the interface.
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- The basic primitives are as follows:
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- (i) CONNECT: This initiates an endpoint virtual
- circuit. The traversal of the CONNECT request
- triggers the construction of the address of the
- reverse path in the fashion described above.
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- (ii) ACCEPT: This signals the successful setting up
- of the source to destination path. Each
- component network may have its own method for
- setting up a call across it, but the
- CONNECT/ACCEPT exchange verifies that the path
- has been set up from end to end.
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- (iii) DATA: Data messages are sent from end to end in
- sequence without loss or duplication in the
- normal virtual circuit fashion.
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- (iv) EXPEDITED: Expedited data messages are priority
- messages which jump ahead of the normal data
- sequence where possible.
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- Bennett 4 INDRA 967
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- The Yellow Book
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- (v) PUSH: A push forces the transmission and
- delivery of data currently buffered at
- intermediate gateways or at the source or
- destination. It corresponds to a TCP EOL.
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- (vi) ADDRESS: This is a data message marked for
- address parsing, so that it may be used for
- transferring third party references as
- described above.
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- (vii) RESET: This flushes messages currently buffered
- in the pipe, and must be answered by a RESET in
- the reverse direction. It does not cause the
- connection to break.
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- (viii) DISCONNECT: The breaks the connection. Like
- RESET, it causes buffered messages to be
- flushed, and must be answered with a matching
- DISCONNECT.
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- With each primitive there are associated a number of
- qualifying attributes. Details of these may be found in
- the Yellow Book.
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- The relationships and permitted exchanges of the
- various messages are defined in some detail in terms of
- state diagrams for the two endpoints. These diagrams
- give the semantics of the endpoint protocol for the
- virtual connection.
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- 3.4 Network Enhancement
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- The syntax of the Yellow Book messages, as distinct
- from the semantics as defined above, is dependent on
- the underlying network services available from each
- component network. It may be possible to use network
- services directly to achieve a Yellow Book function;
- there may be services which can be used in association
- with Yellow Book messages; there may be local
- advantages to particular encodings.
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- Thus to complete the definition of the Yellow Book
- service definition, a syntax must defined for each
- component network. The Yellow Book itself contains
- annexes defining such enhancements for X25 and X21
- networks. An enhancements for ring networks using the
- BSP protocol has been defined, and IEN 154 contains a
- proposed definition of a TCP enhancement which could be
- used to support the Yellow Book. In general, provided
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- Bennett 5 INDRA 967
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- The Yellow Book
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- these enhancements support the Yellow Book semantics,
- their specification is a matter local to the network
- concerned. The gateway is expected to map the formats
- of the messages as appropriate, and to trigger any
- local supporting action which takes place.
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- The network enhancements will normally be based on a
- virtual call interface such as TCP or X25. This
- considerably simplifies their definition. In cases
- where such an interface is not available, the
- enhancement will be considerably more complex to ensure
- the proper sequencing and completeness of the data
- transferred.
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- 3.5 Summary
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- Compared to the DARPA Catenet an Internet based upon
- the Yellow Book is a much more loosely coupled system.
- There is no global address space imposed on the
- Internet, and it is assumed that it will be possible to
- make use of local network facilities. Thus local
- network independence is retained to a far greater
- degree than the Catenet achieves. The agreement that is
- required is to implement a gateway between two
- networks, but this is essentially a bilateral agreement
- between the network administrations concerned and does
- not require any global agreement as to gateway
- structure.
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- There is of course a price to be paid for this
- independence. The system is essentially a virtual call
- system, and therefore has none of the advantages (or
- disadvantages!) to be obtained from the dynamic routing
- and flexible recovery mechanisms possible within a
- datagram system such as the Catenet. While the
- addressing scheme is extremely flexible in terms of
- responsiveness to topology changes and growth, it
- throws the burden of knowledge of the internet topology
- onto the higher level processes, and the third party
- problem points out that it is easy to use it to
- disadvantage.
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- Although the Yellow Book proposals can be regarded as
- fairly firm, the details of the service provided are
- still subject to debate. Clearly it has been influenced
- to some extent by X25 - particularly as to the RESET
- and DISCONNECT functions (the CONNECT/ACCEPT is a
- consequence of the addressing scheme). The major
- technical debate centres on the ADDRESS primitives and
- on whether multiplexing should be embodied as an
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- Bennett 6 INDRA 967
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- The Yellow Book
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- essential Yellow Book service.
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- Yellow Book and TCP are both attempting to provide a
- transport service, but they are doing so in very
- different environments. The difference is such that
- there is no fundamental conflict in the two approaches.
- Within the Yellow Book environment the DARPA Catenet is
- a single subsystem. The TCP enhancement needed to
- support a full Yellow Book may appear to be just
- another user protocol to TCP. Higher level protocols
- may have their transport service interfaces defined
- semantically in such a way that they can be installed
- above TCP, for 'local' Catenet operation, or above
- Yellow Book, for more general operation, with equal
- ease.
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- 4. References
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-
- [1] - C. J. Bennett. Realization of the Yellow Book
- Transport Service Above TCP. IEN 153, July 1980.
- (Revised and reissued as IEN 154 in August 1980)
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- [2] - Information Sciences Institute: "Transmission
- Control Protocol" IEN 129. January 1980.
-
- [3] - PSS User Forum Study Group Three: "A Network
- Independent Transport Service" SG3/CP(80)2.
- February 1980.
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- [4] - High Level Protocol Group: "A Network Independent
- File Transfer Protocol" HLP/CP(78)1. December
- 1977. (Revision expected October 1980)
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- [5] - PSS User Forum Study Group Three: "Character
- Terminal Protocols on PSS." BIG/CP(79)11. October
- 1979 (Under revision).
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- [6] - Data Communication Protocol Unit Working Group:
- "A Network Independent Job Transfer and
- Manipulation Protocol." DCPU/JTMP(80)1. April
- 1980.
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- [7] - ECMA: "Standard ECMA Transport Protocol: Third
- Draft." ECMA/TC24/80/17. January 1980.
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- [8] - ISO/TC97/SC16: "Open Systems Interconnection".
- ISO/TC97/SC16/N227 September 1979.
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- [9] - P. F. Linington, V. Hathway: "The Addressing
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- Bennett 7 INDRA 967
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- The Yellow Book
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- Requirements of a Transport Service." in
- "Kommunikation in verteilten Systemen",
- Springer-Verlag Press, Berlin, December 1979.
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- [10] - CCITT: "International Numbering Plan for Public
- Data Networks." Recommendation X121. Geneva 1978.
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- [11] - Information Sciences Institute. "Internetwork
- Datagram Protocol" IEN 128 January 1980.
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- Copies of references 3-6 may be obtained from:
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- Dr P. F. Linington
- Data Communication Protocols Unit
- 8 Corn Exchange St
- Cambridge
- UNITED KINGDOM
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